Antibacterial Coatings
The Fight Against Bacteria
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Paratrex Saves the Body from Intestinal Bacteria Attacks
What Are Bacteria? DVD
Some bacteria cause deadly diseases, but without bacteria, life as we know it could not exist. This video introduces t… More >>
Essick Air #1970 Quart Bacteria Treatment
Some bacteria cause deadly diseases, but without bacteria, life as we know it could not exist. This video introduces t… More >>The body normally contains a small amount of microorganisms to aide in the digestion of the nutrients. Lactobacillus is one of these vital bacteria that provide anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic benefits in the body. However, if the body is infested by deluge of multiplying harmful bacteria, the body weakens. One common entry point of these bacteria is the intestinal tract. Paratrex regulates the intestinal tract by eradicating the presence of health-destroying microorganisms that invade and affect body health.
Americans today happen to live a carefree lifestyle: they eat what they want and drink what they want. They do not have any idea that with this kind of lifestyle, they are welcoming various microorganisms in the body. These bold strangers rob the nutrients in the intestinal tract like the amino acids, minerals, and vitamins that are supposed to be for the consumption of the whole body.
Other causes for the proliferation of harmful microorganisms in the body are undercooked meat, contaminated water, lack of hygiene, and unclean food. A bacteria-infested intestinal tract results to psychological stress, easy fatigue, poor memory, malnutrition, insomnia, bad breath, and appetite loss.
To prevent the body from suffering the effects of the bad bacteria, an intensive cleansing of the digestive tract is needed. Daily bowel movement is not enough for this aim. Fiber enriched food can help but is not enough to eliminate harmful bacteria. A natural cleansing with the help of health supplement is necessary to combat the health hitting invaders. Paratrex is a cleansing supplement that would flush the bacteria out of the body fast.
Aside from flushing the bacteria, Paratrex converts the digestive tract into a unfriendly environment for bacteria proliferation. It detoxifies the whole body of the bad toxins caused by the rotting wastes. As a result, the nutrients are directly absorbed by the whole physical system without competition from bacteria.
Paratrex is proven safe by years of dedicated research. It is composed of wild but edible herbs that have been used by ancestors in the past. Effectiveness of the product is also not a worry as thousands of consumers and even doctors and scientists can testify of the cleansing effects of the drug.
Black walnut hull is an ingredient in Paratrex that effectively sweeps the toxins off the intestinal tract. It has tannin that shrinks the clumped toxins that serve as breeding grounds for bacteria. It also boosts up oxygen content in the blood so that the fast nutrient circulation leaves no food for the invading organisms. As an added benefit, black walnut hull melts fats that bacteria love.
Paratrex has grapefruit seed extract with important minerals like potassium, iron, sodium, phosphorus, and magnesium that boosts internal health for that added strength against harmful microorganisms.
Wormwood extract, fern root, American worm seed, Bromelain, Kamala, and clove are among the important ingredients that help with the cleansing. These extracts strengthen digestive wall, add defense against bacteria, and provides nutrients to the body. Paratrex is indeed a health capsule for intense digestive tract cleansing. Taking this supplement will result to healthy and prolonged life.
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How to Stop E.coli Bacteria Passing From Person to Person
Aquascape 3.2 kg./7 lb. Beneficial Bacteria AquaClearer Extreme Dry
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Nichrome Inoculation Loop for Bacteria Culture
Aquascape 3.2 kg./7 lb. Beneficial Bacteria Reformulated AquaClearer Extreme Dry:Aquascape Beneficial Bacteria maintains… More >>Researches shows that approximately 0.1% of total bacteria are inside adult intestines are the E.coli bacteria. E.coli belongs to a family known as the Enterobacteriaceae and its derived from the Greek word ‘enterikos’ which corresponds to intestine. This bacterium is named so because of the name of the person “Escherich” who first discovered and characterized these bacteria in 1885.
These are commonly found into food such as beef and vegetables, they normally live inside your intestine helps your body break down and digests the food you eat. Since the day we born we are never without bacteria they are located only in the regions of the body that are directly exposed to environment such as intestine, upper and lower respiratory tract, But when these E.coli bacteria enter into the blood cells from intestine they cause you a severe illness.
* Bad stomach strain and belly pains
* Vomiting
* Diarrhea with sometimes blood in it
Recently worst strain of E.coli was found in 2006 in fresh spinach and fast food hamburgers. Beef contains E.coli because most often the bacteria infect cattle. It may reside into the meat that comes from cattle. It happens when the manure is used as fertilizer or if water is contaminated with E.coli is used in irrigating the crops.
E.coli is infectious and can be passed from person to person. But the most infectious cause is contaminated food especially by E.coli bacteria. Once the person eats these contaminated food items he feels seek. There are food items that habitat E.coli they are:
* Undercooked ground beef specially used in hamburger.
* Vegetables that are growing with manure as a fertilizer and irrigated with contaminated water.
* Fruit juice that is not sterelized.
* Heat can kill E.coli so cook the ground beef well such that it will be no longer pink
* Drink pasteurized juice
* Wash and scrub the vegetables well before cooking them
When the symptoms of E.coli are found then the physician will run some blood tests and will take the sample of persons’ poop. This can be checked to see if there is any harmful strain of E.coli present. Sometimes diarrhea is the main and initial symptom. It is better to take antibiotics to slow down its effect. It is not harmful till it is causing threatening kidney problems. With the proper and on time treatment the disease caused by E.coli can cure in 8 to 10 days.
* When you visit any restaurant, order your burger such that it is well done and it is not pink inside
* Do not swallow in to the lake or ocean, where the water is passing human waste or bacteria
* Wash your hands well before meal
The presence of E.coli or any other kind of bacteria inside intestine is beneficial for the development and proper body operation to remain healthy. E.coli with other bacteria provides necessary vitamins like Vitamin K and Vitamin B that we can gladly absorb.
Muna wa Wanjiru Has Been Researching and Reporting on Bacteria for Years. For More Information on E.coli Bacteria, Visit His Site at E.COLI BACTERIAI Will Also Highly Appreciate Your Views On E.coli Bacteria At My Blog here
Merry Bacteria Music For Alto Sax And Flute From Collection Nobuya Sugawa Book
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- Woodwind Ensemble Merry Bacteria Music For Alto Sax And Flute From Collection Nobuya Sugawa
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Prentice Hall Science Explorer: From Bacteria to Plants
Prentice Hall Science Explorer: From Bacteria to Plants
How Do You Stay Away From Harmful Bacteria and Remain Healthy
Discovery Channel School – Understanding: Bacteria
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MIC POND PL BACTERIA GALLON
Bacteria are truly on the rampage again. They’ve become immune to the best of our antibiotics, rendering once-treatable … More >>When we talk of bacteria, different people around the globe may give varying types of information. However, something that is for sure is, the information will largely be concentrated on the negative side as many people know only of the harm being done by bacteria. So the question is,do all these people who talk of the bad side of bacteria capable of distinguishing harmful bacteria from helpful ones? The answer may not necessarily be yes. So below, are the harmful bacteria that bring problems to other living organisms.
Yersinia pestis alias bubonic plague, is a rod-shaped type of bacterium which is well known for its harmful nature. Bacteria-carrying fleas found on animals such as rats and mice transmit the bacteria that are believed to have caused the deaths of millions of people in the 14th century in Europe.This group of bacteria was further branded the name,”Black death” due to the fact that the bacteria causes their victim to have a dark discoloration on their face after they die.Due to medical advancements, infections caused by this type of bacteria are able to be treated by doctors.
Another type of harmful bacteria is the Anthrax.This type of bacteria attacks animals especially sheep and cattle. It infects the animal’s cells and ensure that they do not function properly making the animal to have several painful body sours which make it suffer from pain and hence dying if treatment fails. To prevent your animals from ever enduring the tortures coming along with these bacteria,try to ensure that a qualified veterinary frequents your farm to check on the animals and that you are able to follow up all necessary conditions needed, such as taking the animals to cattle dips to be medicated so as to ensure that they are in the right health condition.
The Salmonella bacteria is another harmful bacteria that cause major problems for their hosts.These bacteria attach
themselves onto the food that we eat and is ingested together with the food.Once they reach down in the digestive system,they swing into action and cause the system not to function properly.As a result of this action, one is usually said to be having food poisoning and this condition is always a painful encounter to endure. So do not get tired of checking that the food you eat is clean because you never know when you might be ingesting these bacteria into your body.Pathogens are bacteria that form parasitic associations with other organisms and are some of the bacteria considered to be very harmful to the human body.These bacteria cause a lot of problems to the host such as,cholera, tetanus, tuberculosis,syphilis and even fever.All these infections are however treatable by antibiotics that help kill the bacteria present and help cure the host.
As you get to know more about these harmful bacteria, try to prevent any possible contact with them so as to reduce the chances of you ever suffering from infections coming along with these bacteria.
Wangeci Kinyanjui is an expert on research and reporting on Health Matters for years.To get more information on harmful bacteria visit her site at HARMFUL BACTERIA
Wangeci Kinyanjui is an expert on research and reporting on Health Matters for years.To get more information visit her site at www.goshriek.com
Cross – Species Induction and Enhancement of Antibacterial Activity Produced by Epibiotic Bacteria From Seaweeds – a Quarum Sensing Study
Discovery Channel School – Understanding: Bacteria
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Bacteria are truly on the rampage again. They’ve become immune to the best of our antibiotics, rendering once-treatable … More >>Microorganisms in nature exists as free living planktonic mode of life in sea water or it may exist as epibiotic organisms in various living and nonliving surfaces. Among living organisms, seaweeds and invertebrates act as suitable substrate for the establishment of epibiotic organisms Seaweeds are known to release a large amount of organic carbon into the surrounding environment providing a nutrient rich habitat for microorganisms like bacteria. Bacteria are generally considered to be independent unicellular organisms. One cell accomplishes all of the tasks of feeding, locomotion, ‘reproduction, respiration and all other processes necessary to keep an organism alive. There are several classes of bacteria such as primary film forming bacteria, sediment bacteria, symbiotic bacteria, and epibiotic bacteria in various aquatic organisms. The marine surface environment is a site of intense composition for living space by a wide variety of organisms. Bacteria are generally recognized as primary colonizers of this habitat and are able to form biofilm on marine surface such as invertebrates and algae (Bryers, et al., 1982). Bacteria may also be abundant on the surfaces of some algae as an important epibiotic organism. In many cases, the bacterial population found to be specific, with changes occurring throughout the year or life span of the algal surface. This algal-bacterial relationship is symbiotic in most cases; the epibiotic bacteria in seaweed play a protective role by releasing secondary metabolites into the surrounding seawater that help preventing extensive fouling of the surface. Epibiotic bacteria are therefore attracting attention as a source of new natural products. Bacteria from the larvae of some crustaceans protect them from fungal infection by the production of simple antimicrobial compounds. Bacteria isolated from the surface of a tunicate prevented the settlement of barnacle and tunicate larvae exposed to the bacteria as biofilm in petridishes (Evelyn et al., 2001).
Seaweeds itself secretes secondary metabolites to prevent fouling and grazing. In addition to that epibiotic bacteria on macro algae can also produce antifouling compounds that work in concert with the seaweed derived compounds to protect the seaweed surface. Recent studies have highlighted important roles of epibiotic bacteria colonizing the surface of seaweeds and releasing antifouling compounds. For the past 50 years antibiotics have revolutionized medicine by providing cures for formerly life threatening diseases. However, strains of bacteria have recently emerged that are virtually unresponsive to antibiotics such multidrug resistance, arising mainly through antibiotic misuse, is now recognized as a global health problem. In this situation, it is clear that new classes of antibiotics are urgently needed. Many marine bacteria have been shown to produce secondary metabolites that display antibacterial properties. The first antibiotic from a marine bacterium was identified and characterized in 1966. In addition, bacteria in biofilm on the surface of marine organisms have been documented to contain a higher proportion of antibiotic producing bacteria than some other marine environments (Burgess, et al., 1999). Marine epibiotic bacteria, associated with nutrient-rich algal surfaces have also been shown to produce antibacterial secondary metabolites which inhibit the settlement of potential competitors. Recently a lot new novel antibiotics such as Phenazine, thiomarinol, phenazine-1-carboxylic acid, 1-hydroxyphenazine 2-n-heptylquinol-4-one, 2-n-nonylquinol-4-one pyolipic, loloatins, agrochelin, sesbanimides, pelagiomicins, indomycione and indomycione have been identified from various marine epibiotic bacterial organisms. In particular, some species of the genus Pseudomonas produce both antibiotics and several other bioactive substances. For example, Pseudoalteromonas rubra and Pseudoalteromonas aurantia have been reported to be antibiotic producing bacteria. The phenomenon of higher organisms utilizing their associated microflora for the production of beneficial secondary metabolites is common in the marine environment (Yotsu, et al., 1987). A study of bacteria isolated from marine algae surfaces indicated that the incidence of antibiotic producing strains from this habitat was 20% whereas that from sea water was only a few percent. In addition, some bacteria that previously did not produce any active compounds have been found to be producing such metabolites when they are exposed to other bacterial species or extra cellular chemical from other bacteria. Bacteria may also produce antimicrobial compounds when they sense the presence of competing organisms. However, few attempts have been made to study such chemical communication between different bacterial species or how this might affect. The secretion of antimicrobial compounds (Mearns-Spragg, et al., 1998). Bacterial communication by the chemical signals for specific function is simply known as Quorum sensing. In which a bacterial population receives input from the environment and elicits an appropriate response (Hiroaki and Kristina. 2003). The term “quorum sensing” describes the ability of a microorganism to perceive and response to diffusible signal molecules. Bacterial cells sense their population density through a sophisticated cell to cell communication system and trigger expression of particular genes. Tne first system of density-dependent regulation was studied in detail with the luminescence of Photobacterium fischeri (formerly known as Vibrio fischeri) by Bassler et al., 1997. Eventually, they discovered that 3-oxo-N-(tetrahydro-2-oxo-3-furanyl) hexanamid or N-3-(oxohexanoyl) homoserine lactone (OHHL) was responsible the agent in the broth that induced luminescence. Followed by this many researchers have confirmed that in Gram negative bacteria acyl-homoserine lactone is responsible for the cell to cell communication system.
In gram positive bacteria peptide and derivative peptide based signaling molecules seem to be the predominant mode of communication. During high cell density the marine bacteria can produce enzymes, surfactants, toxins, and antibiotics by the chemical signal communication. Marine epibiotic bacteria are also known to produce compounds active against drug resistant hospital pathogen by the cross species induction method. Building on assays described by Austin (Billaud and Austin 1990) a screening procedure has been developed in which marine bacteria are challenged by exposing them to terrestrial bacteria prior to assay of antimicrobial compounds. Hence in this present investigation it is proposed to find out the ability of sea weed epibiotic bacterial organism to produce antibacterial compounds through quorum sensing.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
SAMPLE COLLECTION:
Seaweed samples were collected from Gulf of Mannar Marine Biosphere Reserve and identified up to species level by using CMFRI bulletin (14) as follows:
Table 1. List of Seaweeds species collected for the present study
SPECIES NAME FAMILY
Halimeda gracilis Chlorophyceae
Ulva lactuca Chlorophyceae
Microdictyon tenunis Chlorophyceae
Chondrococcus hornemonii Chlorophyceae
Enteromorpha intestinalis Chlorophyceae
Caulerpa cupressoides Chlorophyceae
Caulerpa racemosa Chlorophyceae
Dictyota dichotoma Phaeophyceae
Turbinaria ornata Phaeophyceae
Padina gymnospora Phaeophyceae
Sargassum cinearifolium Phaeophyceae
Dictyota batryensis Phaeophyceae
Sargassum sps Phaeophyceae
Hypnea musciformis Rhodophyceae
Acanthophora dendroides Rhodophyceae
Jania rubens Rhodophyceae
Hypnea valentiae Rhodophyceae
Hypnea pannose Rhodophyceae
Hypnea esperi Rhodophyceae
Acanthophora spicifera Rhodophyceae
ISOLATION OF EPIPHYTIC BACTERIA
The collected seaweed samples were thoroughly washed with sterile seawater to removes the loosely attached bacteria/particles. Seaweed fronds were scrubbed with sterile cotton swabs to obtain epiphytic bacteria. Epiphytic bacterial organism in the swab were inoculated in sterile peptone broth (50% sea water) and incubated at 28°C in an incubated shaker (220 rpm / min) for overnight. After the incubation period the enriched cultures were serially diluted up to 10-8 concentration and 200 microlitre of each diluted samples were transferred into the nutrient agar plate (50% sea water). The plates were incubated at 28°C for 5 days and the plates with crowded colonies were selected. In the crowded plates those colonies, which showed the sign of inhibition zone around its margin to the neighboring colony, were selected and considered as producer strain. The neighboring sensitive colonies were treated as inducer strain. Both producer and inducer strains were streaked repeatedly until to get pure culture. The pure culture were properly labeled and subjected to the quorum sensing analysis.
QUORUM SENSING
EXPERIMENT NUMBER 1
In this present study, the producer and inducer strains were cross reacted to find out the production of antibiotic compound through quorum sensing. Totally three set of cultures were maintained as follows (along with one as control).
A. Live cells of producer and inducer strains
B. Live cells of producer strain alone
C. Live cells of inducer strain alone
In culture system A 200ul of 16 hours old broth culture of both producer and inducer strains were added to the 15 ml of nutrient broth.
In culture system B 200ul of 16 hours old producer strain alone was inoculated.
In culture system C 200ul of 16 hours old inducer strain alone was inoculated.
All the cultures were incubated at 28°C for 5 days. After the incubation period the cultures were centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 15mins. The supernatant was collected and subjected to antibacterial assay with respective inducer strain.
EXPERIMENT NUMBER 2
In this experiment, culture supernatant was obtained as per the procedure given in the experiment 1. 50ml of supernatant was mixed with equal volume of 80% methanol and 1% acetic acid mixture and it was shaked thoroughly in a separating funnel. Finally the methanol and acetic acid fractions were collected and concentrated by evaporation using water bath at 55°C. The viscous colloidal residues were resuspended in 600 microlitre of 50% methanol and it was used for antibacterial assay against different test organism.
TEST ORGANISMS:
1. Epiphytic Vibrio from seaweeds
2. Vibrio from primary film
3. Vibrio from Sediments
4. Pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella sp. and Proteus sp
The test organisms Vibrio species were isolated from seaweed as epiphyles, biofilm, sediment and puffer fish by using TCBS medium (Hi media) The pathogenic bacteria were collected from clinical laboratories.
ANTIBIOTIC ASSAYS
Antibiotic activity was performed in duplicate using a standard paper disc diffusion method as well as well assay. In well assay 10mm in diameter wells were made in marine agar plates and the plates were swabbed with 16 hours old inducer strain. To these wells 200ul of cell free supernatant were added to each well. In paper disc assay the Watmann no.1 filter paper discs (6mm in diameter) were saturated with 200ul of cell free supernatant. The impregnant discs were Dlaced in the centre of the plates swabbed with test organisms. The plates were Incubated at 37°C overnight and observed for inhibition zone. The zone of inhibition was measured as the distance from the border of paper disc to the edge of the clear zone and expressed in mm.
BACTERIAL IDENTIFICATION
The organisms responded to the quorum sensing process alone were identified by the following biochemical analysis.
Colony morphology, Gram staining, Motility test, Oxidase test, Catalase test, Indole Production, Methyl red test, Voges Proskauer test, Citrate Utilization test, Triple sugar Iron test, Nitrate reduction test, Lactose fermentation, Urease test
Starch hydrolysis test, Protein hydrolysis test, Lipid hydrolysis test, Oxidative / Fermentative test, Salt concentration (0%, 3%, 5%, 7%, 10%), TCBS, Growth in Temperature, 42°C and 47°C
All the above mentioned biochemical tests were performed by following standard methodology given in the Microbiological Laboratory Manual by James 3.Cappuccino (1999).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:
QUORUM SENSING/CROSS SPECIES INDUCTION ANALYSIS
In the present investigation totally 84 isolates were collected out of seaweed species. Among 84 isolates, 17 of them are producer strain, another 17 are the inducer strain rest of 50 isolates is normal and not showing any signs of activity (Table.2).
a) Among these 17 producers strain 6 strains were isolated from Hypnea musiformis. 6 from Gracillaria edulis, 4 from Ulva lactuca & 1 from Sediment.
b) Among these 17-inducer strain 6 strains were isolated from Hypnea musiformis, 6 from Gracillaria edulis, 4 from Ulva lactuca & 1 from sediment.
All the 17 strains were named as
PRODUCERS STAINS
BrA+, BrB+, BrC+, BrD+, BrE+, BrF+ Hypnea musiformis
GcA+, GcB+, GcC+, GcD+, GcE+, GcF+ Gracillaria edulis
U1+, U2+, U3+, U4+ Ulva lactuca
SA+ Sediment
INDUCER STRAIN
BrA-, BrB-, BrC-, BrD-, BrE-, BrF- Hypnea musiformis
GcA-, GcB-, GcC-, GcD- GcE-, GcF- Gracillaria edulis
U1-, U2-, U3-, U4- Ulva lactuca
SA- Sediment
In this experiment among 17 Producer and Inducer strains only 3 of them have responded to the quorum sensing principle. (BrB+/Bo-
PHD SCHOLAR IN BIOTECHNOLOGY
DR G.R.D.C.S
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Entomopathogenic bacteria (Bacillus thuringiensis and B. sphaericus) are increasingly used as biopesticides to control larval insect populations which are either agricultural or forestry pests and to reduce those which as adults are vectors of severe human diseases. This new book, the first since 1993 to address all aspects of entomopathogenic bacteria, provides undergraduate and graduate students as well as research scientists with a complete, modern view… More >>Entomopathogenic Bacteria: From Laboratory to Field Application